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Mastering Requirements Management with Use Cases
As a Rational Consultant I had the honor to co-author with Bryon Baker a revision
of Rational's "Mastering
Requirements with Use Cases" training class. I also taught this class and its
predecessors many, many times. This page provides some standard reading material
that I provided to my students as well as references to continue their studies after
the class.
Reading Material to Prepare for Class
Additional References
This is an annotated list of literature reference and web resources to augment
the material provided by the training class.
The current list covers the following topics:
Requirements Engineering in General
Recommended Textbooks
Current Must-Reads
 | Kurt Bittner and Ian Spence, Use Case Modeling , Addison Wesley,
2002 |
Rational's new reference in the area of Use Case modelling and writing.
A must read for every RMUC student.
| Frank Armour and Granville Miller, Advanced Use Case Modeling: Software
Systems, Penguin Books, 2000 |
An excellent book providing detailed guidance on key practical issues and
FAQs about Use Cases.
| D. Leffingwell and D. Widrig, Managing Software Requirements: A Unified
Approach, Addison-Wesley, Object Technology Series, 2000. |
The Rational book. Serves as the textbook for our course. If you are interested
in the Requirements Management workflow of the RUP (Rational Unified Process),
then this is your book.
| S. Robertson and J. Robertson, Mastering the Requirements Process,
ACM Press, Addison-Wesley, 1999. |
Provides an excellent overview to their RE process, which the Robertsons
developed over many years of practical experience and training as two of
the world's top consultants. Also, check their web page at
The Atlantic Systems Guild containing
a downloadable version of their specification template Volere.
| Ralph R. Young, Effective Requirements Practices, Addison-Wesley,
2001. |
Very broad an informative survey on Requirements Engineering techniques,
standards, literature, and community.
| D. Hatley P. Hruschka, and I. Pirbhai, Process for System Architecture
and Requirements Engineering, Dorset House Publishing, New York, 2000. |
Personally, I always learned the most from books with many concrete examples
and case studies, which is the major strength of this recently updated book.
It also provides the reader with the perspective of systems engineering.
Truly, a practitioners book written from a more traditional, less object-oriented
point-of-view. Heavily, utilises classical Dataflow Diagrams (DFDs).
| I. Sommerville, Software Engineering, 6th Edition, Addison-Wesley,
2001. |
This book can be classified as both: All-time classic and current must-read.
Being around since 1982, this book is the ultimate textbook for every Software
Engineering student. The latest edition has been completely revised and
brought up-to-date (e.g. considering web development, using the UML for
models and Java for program examples). The requirements part of the book
covers requirements types, requirements processes, system models, prototyping,
as well as formal specifications. Also very interesting: Slides for teaching
with this textbook can be downloaded for free from the book's
web page.
All-Time Classics
The books also have to be found on every Requirements Engineer's bookshelf.
| A.M. Davis, Software Requirements: Objects, Functions, and States,
Prentice-Hall, 1993. |
| Donald C. Gause and Gerald M. Weinberg.
Exploring Requirements: Quality before Design. Dorset House Publishing,
New York, 1989. |
| M.A. Jackson, Software Requirements & Specifications — a lexicon of practice,
principles and prejudices. Addison Wesley Press, 1995. |
| G. Kotonya and I. Sommerville, Requirements Engineering: Processes and
Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, 1998. |
| S.M. McMenamin and J.F. Palmer, Essential System Analysis. Prentice
Hall, 1984. |
| I. Sommerville and P. Sawyer, Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice
Guide, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. |
| E. Yourdon, Modern Structured Analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1989. |
Further RE Book Reviews and References on the Web
Conferences on Requirements Engineering
The International symposium on RE is a biennial series, sponsored by the IEEE,
that started in 1993. You can order all proceedings from the IEEE Computer Society
Press:
| RE'93, San Diego, California, USA |
| RE'95, York, UK |
| RE'97, Annapolis,
Maryland, USA |
| RE'99, Limerick,
Ireland (Proceedings) |
| RE'01, Toronto, Canada |
The RE symposium has a sister conference, the International Conference on Requirements
Engineering, also sponsored by IEEE, which is held in even numbered years:
| ICRE'94, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA |
| ICRE'96, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA |
| ICRE'98, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA (Proceedings) |
| ICRE'00,
Schaumburg, Illinois (Proceedings) |
| ICRE'02, Essen, Germany |
Relevant Journals
Web/Internet Resources
Books and Publications on SRS Standards
| M. Dorfman and R.H. Thayer. Standards, Guidelines and Examples on System
and Software Requirements Engineering. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990. |
| C. Mazza, J. Fairclough, B. Melton, D. De Pablo, A. Scheffer, and R. Stevens.
Software Engineering Standards. Prentice Hall, 1994. |
| IEEE-830, Guide to Software Requirements Specification, ANSI/IEEE
Std. 830, 1984. |
| IEEE-610.12, IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology,
1991. |
Recommended Overview Papers and Paper Collections
| M. Jarke and K. Pohl, "Requirements engineering in 2001: (virtually) managing
a changing reality", Software Engineering Journal, Nov. 1994, pp. 257-266. |
| Klaus Pohl, "Requirements
Engineering: An Overview", Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology,
A. Kent, J. Williams (editors), Volume 36, Supplement 21, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York, 1997. |
| J. Siddiqi and M.C. Shekaran, "Requirements Engineering: The Emerging Wisdom",
IEEE Software, Vol. 13, No. 2, Mar. 1996, pp. 15-19. |
| R.H. Thayer and M. Dorfman, Software Requirements Engineering, Second
Edition, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997. |
| Special Issue on Requirements Engineering, IEEE Transaction on Software
Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1977. |
Scenarios and
Use Cases
The CREWS Project
The CREWS project was an international basic research project
funded by the European Commission (ESPRIT 21.903, 1996-1999)
on the use of scenarios and use cases for requirements engineering
processes. We developed and evaluated methods and tools for cooperative scenario-based
requirements elicitation and validation.
| Go to the
CREWS-Homepage
to get all 77 papers we published during the CREWS project. |
| See my
publications site for my own publications
disseminated in the project. |
Overview Papers
| K. Weidenhaupt, K. Pohl, M. Jarke, and
P. Haumer. “Scenario
Usage in System Development: A Report on Current Practice”, IEEE Software,
Mar., 1998, pp. 34-45. |
| M. Jarke, X.T. Bui, J. Carroll.
"Scenario
Management – An Interdisciplinary Perspective",
Requirements Engineering Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1998, pp. 155-173. |
| M. Jarke, "CREWS:
Towards Systematic Usage of Scenarios, Use Cases and Scenes", in Proc. of
WI '99 (Wirtschaftsinformatik), Saarbrücken, Springer Aktuell, March
3rd –5th, 1999. |
Recommended Books and Papers
| A.I. Antón, "Goal-based Requirements Analysis", Proc. Int’l Conf. Requirements
Eng. (ICRE'96), IEEE Computer Soc. Press, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA,
pp. 136-144. |
| M. Arnold, M. Erdmann, M.Glinz, P. Haumer, R. Knoll, B. Paech, K. Pohl,
J. Ryser, R. Studer, and K. Weidenhaupt, "Survey
on the Scenario Use in Twelve Selected Industrial Projects", Technical Report:
Aachener Informatik Berichte (AIB), No. 98-7, RWTH Aachen, Fachgruppe
Informatik, Germany, 1998. |
| J.M. Carroll, Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology
in System Development, J. Wiley & Sons, 1995. |
| A. Cockburn, “Structuring Use Cases with Goals”, Journal of Object-Oriented
Programming, Vol. 10, No. 7, Nov.
1997. |
| A. Cockburn, Writing Effective Use Cases, Addison-Wesley, 2000. |
| D. Filippidou, "Designing with Scenarios: A Critical Review of Current Research
and Practice", Requirements Eng. Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1-22. |
| J. Gausemeier, A. Fink, and O. Schlake,
Szenario-Management: Planen und Führen mit Szenarien, Carl Hanser Verlag,
München Wien, 1996 (in German). |
| Interacting with Computers Journal,
Special Issue on Scenarios, Vol. 13, No. 1, Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd., 2000. |
| K. McGraw and K.
Harbison, User-Centered Requirements: The Scenario-Based Engineering Process.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers, Mahwah, New Jersey, 1997. |
| N. Millard, P. Lynch, and K. Tracey. “Child's Play: Using Techniques Developed
to Elicit Requirements from Children with Adults”, Proc. of 3rd
Int’l. Conf. on Requirements Eng. (ICRE '98),
Colorado Springs, USA, April 6-10, 1998. |
| C. Potts, K. Takahashi, and A.I. Antón. “Inquiry Based Requirements Analysis”,
IEEE Software, Vol. 11, No. 2, Apr. 1994, pp. 21-32. |
| Requirements Engineering Journal,
Special Issue on Scenario Management, Vol. 3, No. 3-4, 1998. |
| A.G. Sutcliffe, N.A.M. Maiden, S. Minocha, D. Manuel, "Supporting Scenario-based
Requirements Engineering", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering: Special Issue on Scenario Management,
Vol. 24, No. 12, 1998. |
| IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,
Special Issue on Scenario Management, Vol. 24, No. 12, 1998. |
Ethnography,
Participatory/User-Centred Design
Recommended books and papers
| H. Beyer and K. Holtzblatt, Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered
Systems. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1997. |
| J.A. Goguen, "Formality and Informality in Requirements Engineering", Proc.
IEEE Int'l Conf. Requirements Eng., IEEE CS Press, Los Alamitos, Calif., 1996,
pp. 102-108. |
| J. Greenbaum, M. Kyng, Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer
Systems, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1991. |
| M. Hammersley and P. Atkinson, Ethnography: Principles in Practice,
Second Edition, Routledge, London and New York, 1995. |
| N.A.M. Maiden and G. Rugg, “ACRE: Selecting Methods For Requirements Acquisition”,
Software Engineering Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1996, pp. 183-192. |
| D. Schuler, A. Namioka, Participatory Design: Principles and Practices,
Lawrence Earlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1993. |
| S. Viller and I. Sommerville, "Social analysis in the requirements engineering
process: from ethnography to method", in Proc. of Fourth IEEE International
Symposium on Requirements Engineering (RE'99),
University of Limerick, Ireland, 7-11 June 1999, pp. 6-13. |
| Find some interesting downloadable papers (e.g. from Beyer/Holtzblatt) from
a special issue of the CACM on
Annie Anton's
page for her
RE course. |
Requirements Traceability
Recommended books and papers
| Communications of
the ACM, Special Issue on Requirements Traceability, December, 1998. |
| R. Dömges and K. Pohl,
"Adapting
Trace Environments to Project Specific Needs", Communications of the
ACM, December, 1998, pp. 54-62. |
| O.C.Z. Gotel and A. Finkelstein,
“An Analysis of the Requirements Traceability Problem”, Proc. 1st Int’l. Conf. on Requirements Eng., Colorado
Springs, USA, April 1994, pp. 94-102. |
| O.C.Z. Gotel and A. Finkelstein,
"Contribution Structures", Proc. 2nd IEEE Int’l. Symp. on Requirements
Eng. (RE95), York, England, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995, pp. 100-107. |
| P. Haumer, K. Pohl, and K. Weidenhaupt.
“Requirements
Elicitation and Validation with Real World Scenes”, in
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 12, Special
Issue on Scenario Management, 1998, pp. 1036-1054. |
| P. Haumer, M. Jarke, K. Pohl, K. Weidenhaupt, "Improving
Reviews of Conceptual Models by Extended Traceability to Captured System Usage",
in Interacting with Computers Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, Elsevier Science
Ireland Ltd., 2000, pp. 77-95. |
| INCOSE Tool Database Working Group,
Tools Survey:
Requirements Management (RM) Tools, Content Owner: William L. McMullen,
International Council on Systems Engineering, 1998-2001. |
| K. Pohl. "PRO-ART: Enabling
Requirements Pre-Traceability", Proc. of the 2nd Int'l. Conf.
on Requirements Eng., Colorado-Springs, Colorado, USA, April 1996. |
| K. Pohl, Process Centered Requirements Engineering. RSP marketed
by J. Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 1996. |
| K. Pohl, K. Weidenhaupt, R. Dömges, P. Haumer, M. Jarke, R. Klamma, "Process-Integrated
(Modelling) Environments (PRIME): Foundation and Implementation Framework",
in ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 8,
No. 4, 1999, pp. 343-410. |
| B. Ramesh and M. Jarke, "Towards
Reference Models for Requirements Traceability", IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2000. |
Reviews and Inspections
| R.G. Ebenau and S.H. Strauss, Software Inspection Process, Mc Graw
Hill, Systems Design & Implementation Series, 1993. |
| M.E. Fagan, "Design and Code Inspection to reduce Errors in program development",
IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1976, pp. 182-211. |
| M.E. Fagan, "Advances in Software Inspections",
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 7, Jul. 1986,
pp. 744-751. |
| D.F. Freedman and G.M. Weinberg, Handbook of Walkthroughs, Inspections,
and Technical Reviews: Evaluating Programs, Projects, and Products, Dorset
House Publishing, New York, 1982. |
| NASA, Software Formal Inspections Guidebook, Technical Report No.
NASA-GB-A302 1993, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
DC 20546, available on the world wide web at
http://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/fi/,
Aug., 1993. |
| NASA, Software Formal Inspection Process Standard, Standard NASA-STD-2202-92,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC 20546, available
on the world wide web at
http://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/fi/,
Aug., 1993. |
Also check the empirical studies on reviews
and perspective-based reading performed by the
Basili group and
the NASA Software Engineering
Laboratory.
Software and
Requirements Metrics
Barry Boehm's Work
Web Resources
The i* (I-Star) framework
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